动词过去分词变化规则归纳(完整版:名词、数词、形容词、动词的全部变化规则)

100人浏览   2024-11-07 08:50:32

名词变复数

(一)规则变化情况:7个类型

  1. 一般情况在词尾加-s 【-s 在清辅音后发/s/ desk→desks,map→maps;-s 在元音和浊辅音后发/z/ day→days,girl→girls】
  2. 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词在词尾加-es :bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches【-es 发/iz/音】
  3. 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i再加-es family→families,party→parties【-ies发/iz/音】
  4. 以元音字母加-y结尾的词在词尾加-s:day→days,boy→boys,key→keys【-s 发/z/音】
  5. 以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为v再加-es:knife→knives,life→lives,wife→wives,half→halves,thief→thieves,shelf→shelves,self→selves,leaf→leaves 【-ves发/vz/音】
  6. 以辅音字母加-o结尾的词在词尾加-es:potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes,Negro→Negroes,volcano→volcanoes【-es发/z/音】
  7. 以元音字母加-o结尾的词在词尾加-s:radio→radios,zoo→zoos【-s 发/z/音】(注意:photo的复数是photos,这是因为photo的原词是photograph,符合加-s的规则变化。)

注:以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加–s 读/iz/ license-licenses

(二)名词复数的不规则变化:

  1. 特殊变形:
  • child→children(儿童)
  • man→men(男人)
  • woman→women (女人)
  • an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)
  • foot→feet(脚)
  • tooth→teeth(牙)
  • mouse→mice(老鼠)
  • ox →oxen(公牛)
  • goose→geese(鹅)
  1. 单复同形

deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,species,means

除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars; a meter,two meters

  1. 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

people police cattle,本身就是复数

正确示范:a person,a policeman,a herd of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss

(错误示范:a people,a police,a cattle)

4.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽以s结尾,但是是不可数名词,是单数概念。

5.表示由两部分构成的东西,glasses,trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助表示“数量”的名词。a pair of glasses,two pairs of trousers

6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思

goods(货物), waters(水域),fishes(各种鱼)

序数词变化规则

(一)一般化规则:基数词+th变为序数词(规则变化)

four→fourth,six→sixth,seven→seventh,ten→tenth,eleven→eleventh

(二)不规则变化的

  • one→first
  • two→second
  • three→third
  • five→fifth
  • eight→eighth
  • nine→ninth
  • twelve→twelfth

(三)整十的序数词,变y为ie再加th

twenty→twentieth, thirty→thirtieth, forty→fortieth, fifty→fiftieth

形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则:

  1. 一般在词尾加er/est;
  2. 以字母e 结尾,加r/st;
  3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er/est;
  • slim --slimmer --slimmest
  • big --bigger --biggest
  • hot --hotter --hottest
  • thin --thinner --thinnest
  • wet --wetter --wettest
  • red --redder --reddest
  • sad --sadder --saddest
  1. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加er/est
  2. 多音节词和部分双音节词,在单词前面加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。
  3. 不规则形容词比较级:
  • good/well --better --best
  • bad/ill --worse --worst
  • many/much --more --most
  • little --less --least
  • old --older/elder --oldest/eldest
  • far --further/farther --furthest /farthest

形容词变副词的变化规则:

形容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀:

一般直接加,―元(e)去e加,―辅(y)改i加,le结尾e改y

分别举例如下:quick---quickly; true---truly; happy---happily; possible----possibly

具体规则如下

  1. 一般情况下直接加―ly,如:
  • quick---quickly
  • polite---politely
  • sad---sadly
  • recent---recently
  • immediate---immediately
  1. 少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。如:true-truly,due-duly

绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。如:polite-politely,wide-widely,wise-wisely,nice-nicely

  1. 以―个y结尾的,且读音为/i /,先将―y改成―i,再加―ly,如:

happy---happily,heavy---heavily,angry---angrily,busy---busily

但是如果读音为/ai /,直接加ly,如:dry-dryly,sly-slyly,shy---shyly

  1. 以ic 结尾的词,加ally,如:
  • economic---economically;
  • basic---basically;
  • scientific---scientifically;
  • automatic---automatically;
  1. 以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加y,如:
  • simple---simply
  • considerable---considerably
  • terrible---terribly
  • gentle---gently
  • possible---possibly
  • probable---probably
  • incredible---incredibly

元音字母加le时加 ly,如:sole-solely。但是whole-wholly例外。

6.以-ll结尾时,只须加–y,如:dull---dully; shrill---shrilly

注意: 有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词。如:

friendly people; motherly care; lovely dog; monthly exam; heavenly peace; a manly sport

动词第三人称单数变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies

动词现在分词加ing的变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking

2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting

3.以ie结尾的动词,把ie变为y再加ing。如: lie - lying 平躺/说谎,tie - tying,die - dying

4.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing。

这类动词有:

  • begin-- beginning,cut -- cutting
  • dig -- digging,get -- getting
  • hit -- hitting,let -- letting
  • put -- putting,run -- running
  • set -- setting,shut -- shutting
  • sit -- sitting,babysit--babysitting
  • spit--spitting吐痰、吐
  • split -- splitting 劈、分裂
  • skip--skipping,swim -- swimming
  • win -- winning,shop-- shopping
  • prefer--preferring,step-- stepping踩、踏
  • refer-- referring参考、查阅
  • dip-- dipping 浸、泡、醮、舀(取)吸出、掏
  • mop-- mopping用拖把拖、洗、擦、抹、(另:猫扑)
  • nod --nodding点头
  • kidnap--kidnapping 绑架
  • nap--napping 小睡、打盹
  • rot--rotting 腐蚀、腐烂
  • spot--spotting
  • hiccup--hiccupping打嗝
  • beg -- begging乞求、乞讨
  • drip -- dripping(雨)滴落、滴下、滴
  • dot -- dotting 打点、打句号,drop -- dropping
  • fit -- fitting,hug -- hugging拥抱、怀抱、紧抱、抱有、持有
  • plan -- planning,pat -- patting 轻拍(打)、抚
  • rid -- ridding(使)免除、(使)摆脱、去掉
  • rob -- robbing 抢劫、动掠、盗取、剥夺
  • regret -- regretting 遗憾、懊悔、感到后悔(抱歉)
  • stop -- stopping
  • stir -- stirring 搅拌、搅动、拨动、传布
  • rub -- rubbing 擦(上)、摩擦、擦到
  • travel -- travel(l)ing
  • slip --slipping 滑倒、跌倒
  • wrap --wrapping 包装打包、包、裹、缠(绕)、卷

动词过去式和过去分词变化规则:

  1. 一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
  2. 以e结尾的动词加d,如:taste-tasted
  3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
  4. 末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:beg -- begged,dip-- dipped 浸、泡、醮、舀(取)、吸出、掏,dot -- dotted,drop --dropped,fit -- fitted,hug -- hugged,nod --nodded,pat -- patted,plan -- planned,prefer--preferred,refer-- referred,regret -- regretted,rob -- robbed,rot--rotted,travel ---- travel(l)ed
  5. 常用不规则动词对应表:

从左到右依次为:动词原形、中文含义、过去式、过去分词

  1. arise 出现→arose →arisen
  2. awake 醒来→awoke →awaked / awoken
  3. baby-sit 临时照顾 baby-sat →baby-sat
  4. be(am / is / are) 是 was / were →been
  5. beat 击打 beat →beaten
  6. become 变成 became →become
  7. begin 开始 began →begun
  8. bend 使弯曲 bent →bent
  9. bet 赌 bet →bet
  10. bite 咬 bit→ bitten / bit
  11. blow 吹 blew→ blown
  12. break 打破 broke→ broken
  13. bring 拿来 brought →brought
  14. build 建造 built →built
  15. burn 燃烧 burnt / burned →burnt / burned
  16. buy 买 bought →bought
  17. cast 抛 cast →cast
  18. catch 捕捉 caught →caught
  19. choose 选择 chose →chosen
  20. come 来 came →come
  21. cost 花费 cost →cost
  22. cut 割 cut→ cut
  23. deal 分配 dealt→ dealt
  24. dig 挖 dug →dug
  25. do / does 做 did →done
  26. draw 画,拉,拖 drew→ drawn
  27. dream 做梦 dreamed / dreamt→ dreamed / dreamt
  28. drink 喝 drank →drunk
  29. drive 驾驶 drove →driven
  30. eat 吃 ate →eaten
  31. fall 掉落 fell →fallen
  32. feed 喂 fed→ fed
  33. feel 触摸 felt →felt
  34. fight 作战 fought →fought
  35. find 找出 found→ found
  36. fly 飞 flew→ flown
  37. forbid 禁止 forbade / forbad →forbidden
  38. forget 忘记 forgot→ forgot / forgotten
  39. forgive 原谅 forgave →forgiven
  40. freeze 结冰 froze→ frozen
  41. get 得到 got →got
  42. give 给 gave →given
  43. go 去 went →gone
  44. grow 成长 grew →grown
  45. hang 挂/绞死 hung / hanged→ hung / hanged
  46. have / has 有 had →had
  47. hear 听到 heard→ heard
  48. hide 隐藏 hid→ hidden / hid
  49. hit 打 hit →hit
  50. hold 拿住 held →held
  51. hurt 受伤 hurt→ hurt
  52. keep 保持 kept →kept
  53. know 知道 knew →known
  54. lay 放置 laid →laid
  55. lead 引导 led→ led
  56. learn 学习 learnt / learned→ learnt / learned
  57. leave 离开 left→ left
  58. lend 借贷 lent→ lent
  59. let 让 let →let
  60. lie 躺 lay→ lain
  61. light 点着 lit / lighted →lit / lighted
  62. lose 遗失 lost →lost
  63. make 制作 made→ made
  64. mean 表…意思 meant→ meant
  65. meet 碰到 met→ met
  66. mistake 误认 mistook →mistaken
  67. pay 支付 paid →paid
  68. prove 证实 proved→ proved / proven
  69. put 放置 put→ put
  70. read 读 read→ read
  71. rebuild 改建 rebuilt →rebuilt
  72. retell 复述 retold →retold
  73. rid 免除 rid / ridded →rid / ridded
  74. ride 骑 rode →ridden
  75. rise 上升 rose→ risen
  76. run 跑 ran →run
  77. saw 锯 sawed →sawed / sawn
  78. say 说 said→ said
  79. see 看 saw →seen
  80. seek 寻觅 sought →sought
  81. sell 卖 sold →sold
  82. send 送/寄 sent →sent
  83. set 安置 set →set
  84. sew 缝合 sewed →sewn / sewed
  85. shake 摇 shook→ shaken
  86. shine 发光 shone→ shone
  87. 擦亮 shined →shined
  88. shoot 放(炮) shot→ shot
  89. show 显露 showed →showed / shown
  90. sing 唱歌 sang →sung
  91. sink 下沉 sank / sunk →sunk / sunken
  92. sit 坐 sat →sat
  93. sleep 睡 slept →slept
  94. smell 发出气味 smelt →smelt
  95. speak 说 spoke →spoken
  96. spell 拼写 spelt / spelled →spelt / spelled
  97. spend 花费 spent→ spent
  98. spit 吐出 spat / spit→ spat / spit
  99. spring 跳跃 sprang / sprung →sprung
  100. stand 站立 stood→ stood
  101. steal 偷 stole →stolen
  102. sweep 打扫 swept →swept
  103. swim 游泳 swam →swum
  104. take 拿 took→ taken
  105. teach 教 taught →taught
  106. tear 撕裂 tore →torn
  107. tell 告诉 told →told
  108. think 思考 thought→ thought
  109. throw 投/扔 threw →thrown
  110. understand 了解 understood→ understood
  111. wake 醒着 woke / waked →waked / woken
  112. wear 穿着 wore→ worn
  113. win 获胜 won→ won
  114. write 书写 wrote→ written

如有遗漏,欢迎大家补充!

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